Spiral classifier transformation
Classification is the process of preparing an important mineral processing, grading and results of operations, will directly affect the index concentrator subsequent jobs. Grading equipment beneficiation process used for many reasons, spiral classifier is one of them. Compact spiral classifier, easy to use, with the mill closed composition gravity, is still widely used in selected plants. But the spiral classifier large area, low-grade efficiency, but also limits its application. In recent years, some grinding and classification operations, there have been replaced with cyclone spiral classifier and mill closed trend. Therefore, how to improve the efficiency of spiral classifier, to play its inherent advantages to become an important research topic.
Spiral Classifier experts conducted a systematic analysis of the theoretical foundation, established under the settlement conditions of turbulence and interference spiral classifier unsteady flow fractionation kinetic differential equations. According to the characteristics of the traditional spiral classifier, the improved methods and measures, design and manufacture of a semi-industrial type 300mm × 4300mm spiral classifier. The improved spiral classifier, the basic principle has not changed, just the way of discharge and stirring traditional way spiral classifier were adjusted to shorten the path of movement of qualified mineral particles in a hierarchical machine, a qualified fine grade timely discharge transversely through the overflow hole and overflow control running rough. By increasing the spiral mixing blade in the staging area, reducing fine grit in the folder to avoid pulp reflux, reduce anti-mineral enriched, so as to improve the spiral Classifier efficiency.
Experts around the spiral classifier improvements carried out experimental system parameters, including the concentration of the test ore, grading machine slope test, the position of the test to the mining flow test, the weir height and overflow hole. Experimental data show that the first improvements, spiral classifier transfer efficiency is only 30% -50%, after improvement, spiral classifier transfer efficiency of 50% -70%. Comparison, the improved spiral classifier, its classification efficiency than before improved by an average of 10-17 percent, a testament to our research work to achieve the desired purpose.
Learn more about: http://www.mineralclassifying.com/
2015年11月5日星期四
How is Cyanide used in mining?
There are two types of cyanide-leaching processes used by the modern mining industry. Vatleaching, where extracted ore is combined with cyanide in vats, and heap-leaching (described below).
Cyanide-leaching allows mining companies to reopen and expand mines containing what were previously unprofitable mineral reserves. The heap-leaching process, more commonly used than vat-leaching, involves - · digging enormous pits, so large they could swallow cities, and piling the extracted ore into heaps that would cover many football fields several hundred feet high; · spraying a cyanide solution over the heaps so that the cyanide trickles down through the ore, bonding with microscopic flecks of gold or silver, whereupon a heap pad (a rubber blanket) underlying the heap channels the solution into a holding pond; and · stripping the solution of the precious minerals, recovering the used cyanide, then respraying the cyanide solution over the heap. In the extraction of copper, nickel, cobalt and molybdenum, cyanide is used during the milling and concentration processes.
Learn more about: http://www.goldcyanide.com
Cyanide-leaching allows mining companies to reopen and expand mines containing what were previously unprofitable mineral reserves. The heap-leaching process, more commonly used than vat-leaching, involves - · digging enormous pits, so large they could swallow cities, and piling the extracted ore into heaps that would cover many football fields several hundred feet high; · spraying a cyanide solution over the heaps so that the cyanide trickles down through the ore, bonding with microscopic flecks of gold or silver, whereupon a heap pad (a rubber blanket) underlying the heap channels the solution into a holding pond; and · stripping the solution of the precious minerals, recovering the used cyanide, then respraying the cyanide solution over the heap. In the extraction of copper, nickel, cobalt and molybdenum, cyanide is used during the milling and concentration processes.
Learn more about: http://www.goldcyanide.com
Gold cyanide in mining
Gold cyanide in mining
Cyanide is a naturally occurring chemical that is found in low concentrations throughout nature including in fruits, nuts, plants, and insects. It has been used by the mining industry to separate gold and silver particles from ore for over 120 years. With proper management, cyanide can be used safely and without harming the environment despite its toxicity.
Background information on cyanide
Cyanide is the general term for chemicals which contain a cyano group (triple-bonded carbon and nitrogen with the chemical formula CN) that occur naturally or are human-made in various forms. Low concentrations of cyanide are present in the everyday environment including as a stabilizer in table salt, in over 1000 plants including cassava and bamboo shoots, and in the pits of stone fruits like plums and apricots. [1, 2] In fact, the greatest source of cyanide exposure for people and free-ranging animals comes from eating food plants and crops that contain cyanide. [3]
Cyanide is also a useful industrial chemical; over one million tonnes of it are used annually in electroplating, metal processing, the production of organic chemicals and plastics, and in photographic applications. [2] The mining industry has used cyanide to process ore for more than 120 years, and uses less than 20% of the global production of industrial cyanide. [2, 4]
Role of cyanide in ore processing
Cyanide, in the form of a very dilute sodium cyanide solution, is used to dissolve and separate gold from ore. [3] The process used to extract gold using cyanide was developed in Scotland in 1887, and was first used in large scale commercial mining by the New Zealand Crown Mines Company at Karangahake in 1889. [3, 4] Cyanide leaching is considered to be a much safer alternative to extraction with liquid mercury, which was previously the main method of removing gold from ore. [5] Cyanide leaching has been the dominant gold extraction technology since the 1970s, although small-scale and artisanal miners continue to use mercury in some areas of the world. [3] In Canada, more than 90% of mined gold is extracted from ore using cyanide. [3]
The concentration of cyanide used in this process is normally in the range of 0.01% and 0.05% sodium cyanide (100 to 500 parts per million). [2] As part of their best practices, mines use as little cyanide as possible for environmental, safety, and economic reasons. [2] Cyanide leaching is usually done along with a physical process like milling, crushing, or gravity separation. The pH of the resulting slurry is raised by adding lime or another alkali to ensure that cyanide ions do not change into toxic cyanide gas (HCN). [6] The gold is then further concentrated and reduced, before being smelted into gold bullion. Click here to see a demonstration of the gold excavation and refinement process.
Cyanide toxicity and management
Cyanide is toxic in large doses and is strictly regulated in most jurisdictions worldwide to protect people, animals, and the aquatic environment. Cyanide prevents the body from taking up oxygen, resulting in suffocation, which may be fatal to humans and animals without prompt first aid treatment. [7] However, people and animals can rapidly detoxify non-lethal amounts of cyanide without negative effects, and repeated small doses can be tolerated by many species. [3] Some long-term health effects have been observed in people who have a diet high in cyanide-containing plants such as cassava, and include goiter and depressed thyroid function. [8]
In fact, "[d]espite its high human toxicity, there have been no documented accidental human deaths due to cyanide poisoning in the Australian and North American mining industries over the past 100 years which indicates that the hazard of cyanide to humans has been controlled by minimizing the risk of its handling and of industrial exposure."[6, p.4] Even in areas where cyanide is used extensively by artisanal miners with limited waste containment and safety practices, "human fatalities are relatively minimal particularly when compared with mercury or other hazards" [9, pp.109-110].
In high concentrations, cyanide is toxic to aquatic life, especially fish which are one thousand times more sensitive to cyanide than humans. [10] Because the greatest environmental threat from cyanide to aquatic life is from intentional or unintentional discharges into surface waters, water monitoring and water management on mine sites is very important. [11] Regulations frequently limit the amount of cyanide which may be discharged into the environment, and there are a number of water treatment technologies available to remove cyanide from mine water. [2]
Birds and other wildlife are also potentially at risk from cyanide poisoning if they are using tailings ponds for drinking or swimming. [12] In order to prevent wildlife fatalities, cyanide levels in tailings ponds can be reduced to safe levels by minimizing the amount of cyanide used, removing cyanide in waste streams and recycling it, and by using chemical or biological reactions to convert the cyanide into less toxic chemicals. [13] A standard of 50 mg/L weak acid dissociable (WAD) cyanide is widely accepted to be a safe level for water accessible to wildlife, and has essentially eliminated the number of migratory bird deaths from this cause. [6, 11] Only a few hundred birds are killed by cyanide each year. [11] Deterrents like fencing, polyethylene balls, and netting are also used to keep birds out of water bodies on mine sites. [3]
Cyanides do not cause cancer, and do not build up or "biomagnify" in the food chain. [12] They do not persist in the environment, and are quickly broken down into less toxic chemicals by sunlight and air. [2]
Accidental Spills
Where cyanide has been accidentally released into surface waters, it has been investigated and changes have been made in the industry to prevent such releases happening again. One such change is the adoption of the International Cyanide Management Code. This code was developed following several cyanide spills, in particular the Baia Mare spill in Romania in 2000. In the Baia Mare case, a dam failure that spilled cyanide into nearby waters resulted in widespread contamination, fish deaths, and economic harm–but no human deaths.
In such spills, the cyanide is rapidly destroyed through natural processes, such as evaporation, and the effects on aquatic life–while significant–are not long-term. [3] In the Baia Mare spill, the cyanide concentration decreased rapidly with increasing distance from the spill. After the contaminated water had passed, aquatic micro-organisms and plankton recovered within a few days. [10]
In Japan, an earthquake in 1980 resulted in a large amount of cyanide entering a stream from a gold mine. While the spill killed all life in the stream, cyanide was detectable for only three days after the spill; within 1 month flora began to regrow on above-water stones, and within 6-7 months the populations of fish, algae, and invertebrates had recovered. [3, p.29] Cyanide was also not detectable in water and sediments in Yellowknife Bay in the Northwest Territories from 1974 to 1976, despite a continuous input of cyanide-containing effluents from a gold mining operation (a practice that would not be permitted today). [3]
Legal framework for mines using cyanide
Many jurisdictions, including Canada and Australia, recommend that mines that use cyanide do so in a manner consistent with the International Cyanide Management Code, which involves minimizing the amount of cyanide used; designing measures to protect surface and groundwater; designing and operating systems that reduce cyanide levels in effluent; and preventing spills.
In Canada, cyanide is considered to be a hazardous substance, and provincial and federal legislation requires it to be transported, handled, and disposed of by fully trained personnel in certified storage containers. [12] Its disposal and discharge into the environment at mine sites is regulated provincially through the use of permits and licences. [12] In addition, the cyanide concentration of effluent leaving a metal mining operation must be below the maximum allowable concentration of 1.0 mg/L prescribed by the Metal Mining Effluent Regulations under the federal Fisheries Act. Cyanide in effluent is measured through water sampling and in 2010 metal mines achieved 100% compliance for cyanide. [14]
Alternative technologies to cyanide
Although cyanide can be safely used, the mining industry continues to research alternatives to cyanide and improve the techniques for managing the cyanide it does use. In some cases it may be possible to concentrate gold using gravity separation. However, this is not economical or feasible when the other ore components are of similar density or when the concentration of gold is low. [6]
Alternative extraction chemicals have also been studied, but they can be equally or more damaging to the environment than cyanide [6, 11]. Risk-based assessment by the US Environmental Protection Agency and Purdue University concluded that a cyanide-lime system was the safest chemical extraction method for recovering gold taking into account risk to the environment and workers [11].
Mining industry innovations have also included new cyanide-destruction technologies and management strategies to reduce cyanide concentrations, toxicity, and potential impacts. [2
Cyanide is a naturally occurring chemical that is found in low concentrations throughout nature including in fruits, nuts, plants, and insects. It has been used by the mining industry to separate gold and silver particles from ore for over 120 years. With proper management, cyanide can be used safely and without harming the environment despite its toxicity.
Background information on cyanide
Cyanide is the general term for chemicals which contain a cyano group (triple-bonded carbon and nitrogen with the chemical formula CN) that occur naturally or are human-made in various forms. Low concentrations of cyanide are present in the everyday environment including as a stabilizer in table salt, in over 1000 plants including cassava and bamboo shoots, and in the pits of stone fruits like plums and apricots. [1, 2] In fact, the greatest source of cyanide exposure for people and free-ranging animals comes from eating food plants and crops that contain cyanide. [3]
Cyanide is also a useful industrial chemical; over one million tonnes of it are used annually in electroplating, metal processing, the production of organic chemicals and plastics, and in photographic applications. [2] The mining industry has used cyanide to process ore for more than 120 years, and uses less than 20% of the global production of industrial cyanide. [2, 4]
Role of cyanide in ore processing
Cyanide, in the form of a very dilute sodium cyanide solution, is used to dissolve and separate gold from ore. [3] The process used to extract gold using cyanide was developed in Scotland in 1887, and was first used in large scale commercial mining by the New Zealand Crown Mines Company at Karangahake in 1889. [3, 4] Cyanide leaching is considered to be a much safer alternative to extraction with liquid mercury, which was previously the main method of removing gold from ore. [5] Cyanide leaching has been the dominant gold extraction technology since the 1970s, although small-scale and artisanal miners continue to use mercury in some areas of the world. [3] In Canada, more than 90% of mined gold is extracted from ore using cyanide. [3]
The concentration of cyanide used in this process is normally in the range of 0.01% and 0.05% sodium cyanide (100 to 500 parts per million). [2] As part of their best practices, mines use as little cyanide as possible for environmental, safety, and economic reasons. [2] Cyanide leaching is usually done along with a physical process like milling, crushing, or gravity separation. The pH of the resulting slurry is raised by adding lime or another alkali to ensure that cyanide ions do not change into toxic cyanide gas (HCN). [6] The gold is then further concentrated and reduced, before being smelted into gold bullion. Click here to see a demonstration of the gold excavation and refinement process.
Cyanide toxicity and management
Cyanide is toxic in large doses and is strictly regulated in most jurisdictions worldwide to protect people, animals, and the aquatic environment. Cyanide prevents the body from taking up oxygen, resulting in suffocation, which may be fatal to humans and animals without prompt first aid treatment. [7] However, people and animals can rapidly detoxify non-lethal amounts of cyanide without negative effects, and repeated small doses can be tolerated by many species. [3] Some long-term health effects have been observed in people who have a diet high in cyanide-containing plants such as cassava, and include goiter and depressed thyroid function. [8]
In fact, "[d]espite its high human toxicity, there have been no documented accidental human deaths due to cyanide poisoning in the Australian and North American mining industries over the past 100 years which indicates that the hazard of cyanide to humans has been controlled by minimizing the risk of its handling and of industrial exposure."[6, p.4] Even in areas where cyanide is used extensively by artisanal miners with limited waste containment and safety practices, "human fatalities are relatively minimal particularly when compared with mercury or other hazards" [9, pp.109-110].
In high concentrations, cyanide is toxic to aquatic life, especially fish which are one thousand times more sensitive to cyanide than humans. [10] Because the greatest environmental threat from cyanide to aquatic life is from intentional or unintentional discharges into surface waters, water monitoring and water management on mine sites is very important. [11] Regulations frequently limit the amount of cyanide which may be discharged into the environment, and there are a number of water treatment technologies available to remove cyanide from mine water. [2]
Birds and other wildlife are also potentially at risk from cyanide poisoning if they are using tailings ponds for drinking or swimming. [12] In order to prevent wildlife fatalities, cyanide levels in tailings ponds can be reduced to safe levels by minimizing the amount of cyanide used, removing cyanide in waste streams and recycling it, and by using chemical or biological reactions to convert the cyanide into less toxic chemicals. [13] A standard of 50 mg/L weak acid dissociable (WAD) cyanide is widely accepted to be a safe level for water accessible to wildlife, and has essentially eliminated the number of migratory bird deaths from this cause. [6, 11] Only a few hundred birds are killed by cyanide each year. [11] Deterrents like fencing, polyethylene balls, and netting are also used to keep birds out of water bodies on mine sites. [3]
Cyanides do not cause cancer, and do not build up or "biomagnify" in the food chain. [12] They do not persist in the environment, and are quickly broken down into less toxic chemicals by sunlight and air. [2]
Accidental Spills
Where cyanide has been accidentally released into surface waters, it has been investigated and changes have been made in the industry to prevent such releases happening again. One such change is the adoption of the International Cyanide Management Code. This code was developed following several cyanide spills, in particular the Baia Mare spill in Romania in 2000. In the Baia Mare case, a dam failure that spilled cyanide into nearby waters resulted in widespread contamination, fish deaths, and economic harm–but no human deaths.
In such spills, the cyanide is rapidly destroyed through natural processes, such as evaporation, and the effects on aquatic life–while significant–are not long-term. [3] In the Baia Mare spill, the cyanide concentration decreased rapidly with increasing distance from the spill. After the contaminated water had passed, aquatic micro-organisms and plankton recovered within a few days. [10]
In Japan, an earthquake in 1980 resulted in a large amount of cyanide entering a stream from a gold mine. While the spill killed all life in the stream, cyanide was detectable for only three days after the spill; within 1 month flora began to regrow on above-water stones, and within 6-7 months the populations of fish, algae, and invertebrates had recovered. [3, p.29] Cyanide was also not detectable in water and sediments in Yellowknife Bay in the Northwest Territories from 1974 to 1976, despite a continuous input of cyanide-containing effluents from a gold mining operation (a practice that would not be permitted today). [3]
Legal framework for mines using cyanide
Many jurisdictions, including Canada and Australia, recommend that mines that use cyanide do so in a manner consistent with the International Cyanide Management Code, which involves minimizing the amount of cyanide used; designing measures to protect surface and groundwater; designing and operating systems that reduce cyanide levels in effluent; and preventing spills.
In Canada, cyanide is considered to be a hazardous substance, and provincial and federal legislation requires it to be transported, handled, and disposed of by fully trained personnel in certified storage containers. [12] Its disposal and discharge into the environment at mine sites is regulated provincially through the use of permits and licences. [12] In addition, the cyanide concentration of effluent leaving a metal mining operation must be below the maximum allowable concentration of 1.0 mg/L prescribed by the Metal Mining Effluent Regulations under the federal Fisheries Act. Cyanide in effluent is measured through water sampling and in 2010 metal mines achieved 100% compliance for cyanide. [14]
Alternative technologies to cyanide
Although cyanide can be safely used, the mining industry continues to research alternatives to cyanide and improve the techniques for managing the cyanide it does use. In some cases it may be possible to concentrate gold using gravity separation. However, this is not economical or feasible when the other ore components are of similar density or when the concentration of gold is low. [6]
Alternative extraction chemicals have also been studied, but they can be equally or more damaging to the environment than cyanide [6, 11]. Risk-based assessment by the US Environmental Protection Agency and Purdue University concluded that a cyanide-lime system was the safest chemical extraction method for recovering gold taking into account risk to the environment and workers [11].
Mining industry innovations have also included new cyanide-destruction technologies and management strategies to reduce cyanide concentrations, toxicity, and potential impacts. [2
2015年11月3日星期二
Vibrating Screen installation
Vibrating Screen installation
1, the Vibrating Screen before installation, first read the instructions in the installation rules, in accordance with the requirements of the specification are complete inspection unit and damage, in the case of the power to ensure that parts intact small test re-boot properly.
2, follow the installation drawings for equipment adjustment, wherein the support base chassis must be mounted horizontally on a flat surface, based on the foundation should have sufficient rigidity and strength.
3, Vibrating Screen bottom support Brace corners must have lifting hole, according to plans require lifting, not directly linked to lifting the entire machine in the shaker.
4, to ensure that a minimum of 50mm gap between the screen box and hopper, chute and other similar non-moving parts.
5, the shock absorber spring press height matching, respectively the front or rear end of the left and right sides of the spring height equal as possible, the error does not exceed 5mm.
About maintaining the level of the screen surface after installation, otherwise between the spring seat and support the pad thin iron sheet
Learn more about: http://www.mineralscreen.com
1, the Vibrating Screen before installation, first read the instructions in the installation rules, in accordance with the requirements of the specification are complete inspection unit and damage, in the case of the power to ensure that parts intact small test re-boot properly.
2, follow the installation drawings for equipment adjustment, wherein the support base chassis must be mounted horizontally on a flat surface, based on the foundation should have sufficient rigidity and strength.
3, Vibrating Screen bottom support Brace corners must have lifting hole, according to plans require lifting, not directly linked to lifting the entire machine in the shaker.
4, to ensure that a minimum of 50mm gap between the screen box and hopper, chute and other similar non-moving parts.
5, the shock absorber spring press height matching, respectively the front or rear end of the left and right sides of the spring height equal as possible, the error does not exceed 5mm.
About maintaining the level of the screen surface after installation, otherwise between the spring seat and support the pad thin iron sheet
Learn more about: http://www.mineralscreen.com
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